Identify the major sources contributing to the changes in patterns of Essay

Identify the major sources contributing to the changes in patterns of paid employment for women in Ireland in the 20th century 1900-2000 - Essay Example Women were not allowed to stand for parliament; only single women could hold property in their name. After marriage women were expected to hand over their property and even their wages to their husbands. Towards the late 19th century, feminist movement gathered pace and the participation of women in this movement increased. Two women, based in Dublin and Belfast led the initial movement in the 1860’s to change the law on women’s property rights. Unfortunately the membership of the Irish feminist movement belonged exclusively to the middle and the upper classes of society. The credit for true feminist movement to attract women from all classes of society goes to James Connolly. He emphasized that women should become involved in the social struggle and this was reflected in the Irish Citizen Army’s insistence on treating women on an equal footing with men (Hartnett). During the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, labor and trade union movements in Ireland were stronghold of male supremacy and women made little progress. The protectionist policies excluded women and the male was supposed to support the family without the need of his wife to engage in paid employment. The women’s suffrage movement encountered opposition from the labor activists who were satisfied with the 1884 Reforms Act which gave all powers to the man to run the family (Richardson, 2004). The suffragists recognized the need that women should also have the right to vote by getting the vote for women on the same terms as men. This suddenly led to the fear that middle and upper class women might get the vote before many working men did. Women were constantly harassed and subject to organized and random acts of violence. The trade union activists resented women workers and were reluctant to offer any practical help. This hostility towards women damaged t he entire working class. The women became a part

History US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

History US - Essay Example By 1939, the US unemployment still exceeded 20%. The New Deal also raised taxes such that entrepreneurs became discouraged from investing more. As such, the New Deal failed to end the Great Economic Depression. When World War II started, America hesitated to join until 1942, when about 12 million soldiers were sent overseas to fight alongside the allies to defeat Adolf Hitler. Back home in the US, about 15 million people were employed in the manufacturing of military weapons, machines and equipment. Folsom (2010) and Bohanon (2012) agree that this is the most significant moment of the New Deal because it created more jobs than ever. Many Americans got employed either in the army or the military industry. This again provided an opportunity for production to increase in the US, hence boost the economy. Unfortunately, the produced weapons were not being used by civilians at home. They were sent overseas to be used in the war field. Even the soldiers themselves could not eat weapons. They needed bread, homes and sustainable jobs. On the other hand, taxes were still high such that what people earned could not suffice. As such, life still remained miserable and the quest to end the Economic Depr ession was far from reality. According to Folsom (2010), towards the end of the war, in 1944, President Roosevelt started preparing for the post war economic recovery. He drew his vision but died six months before the war ended and before he could implement his post-war America agenda. His successor, Harry Truman, wanted Roosevelt’s agenda implemented but the opposition (Congress) refused vehemently and opted for the opposite. Finally they agreed to totally deviate from the New Deal and adopt a totally new Recovery plan which included the following: no federal program for health care, no full-employment act; only limited federal housing; and no increase in minimum wage or social security benefits. Instead, the

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Motivation - Essay Example This can be explained as the desire and will to make extra efforts in accomplishing objectives on behalf of the company at the same time as recognizing the capability of one’s effort in achieving personal needs. The intention of this essay is to give a methodical and in depth enlightenment into the trend of employee motivation and at the same time explain how the effect of motivation can be on the employee’s obligation and work performance in an organisation. This will be made possible with pertinent examples and hypotheses, pertaining motivation of employee. In order to produce a focused type of presentation the paper will be concluded by me through the presentation of executions that are practical of either any or more of the theories discussed on one particular organisation to determine what factors affect the discussed employee motivation hypotheses at that organisation. This will be done to examine how motivation is closely associated to the dedication and performa nce at work in any organisation. ... rent perspectives will be showcased in order to be the blueprint on what effect motivation has on employees in terms of their allegiance, dedication and the level of performance of work in the organisation. Subsequently a sample study on a relevant case concerning employee motivation will be presented and this will support the hypothesis on employee motivation execution in an organisation and how this has influenced the employee motivation and the allegiance in the company. Through this process I expect I would have achieved the main objectives set for this essay. Theoretical Background Motivation The word motivation is derived from the word ‘move’ and it simply means the inward drive that is crucial to guide people’s actions and behaviours towards goals either personal or organizational goals. Mullins, (2005) explains that â€Å"this ‘force’ is a degree to which an individual wants and chooses to engage in certain specified behaviours. On the other hand, the behaviours that are motivated are mostly choices done voluntarily controlled by the individual doing the said action and at the same time this can contain several step procedures that projects an individual towards a specific goal. In the business environment, the supervisor or the manager might act as the motivator, will want to prevail upon the factors that will motivate his or her staff who in this case are the employees for them to perform at their highest levels of productivity. Even though many theories exist that try to explain the motivation phenomenon, still, there are no specific answer that can describe exactly what motivates people to work. Employee Motivation This is the drive that makes the personnel to commit themselves in excelling to accomplish the goals and objectives that is quite

Three components of the transmission mechanism,through which the Essay

Three components of the transmission mechanism,through which the expansionary policy works - Essay Example An expansionary monetary policy works by increasing the supply of money available in the economy.The recessionary gap is handled by the corresponding increase in demand which tends to create employment in the shorter run. As soon as the economy is supplied with money, the aggregate demand level rises from its previous state as shown in Figure 1 below. The demand level tends to rise from the existing AD1 level to a new AD2 level. In turn this increase in demand triggers an increase in the price level which tends to rise from an existing level of P1 to P2 which can be seen as inflation (Mankiw, Kneebone and McKenzie 503). As a consequence of price hikes, the inflation rate tends to increase as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 below. The short term Phillips Curve shows a linear increase as the amount of inflation rises but the long term Phillips Curve shows a vertical increase as the aggregate demand rises. If money is supplied to the economy at a fast rate, the outcome would be a small c hange in the overall employment rate since inflationary pressure would curb the economic growth. In contrast, if money is supplied to the economy relatively slowly, there would be a smaller increase in overall inflation and hence the net employment gain would be greater. In order to control a recessionary gap, the government has to offer the economy greater liquidity by increasing the supply of money. However, it must be kept in mind that the rate of supply of money has to be relatively low so that long term inflationary pressures do not set in. ... Fiscal policy can be controlled by increasing or decreasing government spending as well as by manipulating the taxation levels of ordinary households. A contractionary fiscal policy reduces the supply of money to the economy. When the supply of money to the economy decreases, the aggregate demand reduces from its existing level to a lower level. This leads to a contraction of the aggregate demand which in turn reduces the overall output levels in the economy. Consequently, the contractionary fiscal policy moves the economy along the short run Phillips curve as shown in Figure 4 below. In the longer run, the economy shifts vertically along the Phillips curve which leads to a reduction in the overall inflation rate with a minimal effect on the overall employment levels (Mankiw, Kneebone and McKenzie 512). Figure 4 - Disinflationary monetary policy in the short run and long run When the amount of government spending tends to increase, it increases the overall money supply in the economy . As a result, the demand for money in the economy tends to rise from MD1 to MD2 as shown in Figure 5. Consequently, the interest rate tends to rise which leads to a net reduction in the investment levels and puts reduction pressure on aggregate demand. The aggregate demand level tends to rise though it fails to meet its expected level of increase. While the expected level of increase in the aggregate demand curve should be from AD1 to AD2 but it actually increases only to aggregate demand levels between actual level and expected level to AD3 as shown in Figure 6. The reduction of the aggregate demand as soon as a fiscal expansion takes place is better known as the crowding out effect (Mankiw, Kneebone and McKenzie 487). Figure 5 - The money market Figure 6 - Changes in

Oil Spill Effect on Environment and Community Essay

Oil Spill Effect on Environment and Community - Essay Example This research paper examines one environmental factor that can have an adverse effect not only on the environment but also on the entire community. Talking about oil spills, it causes long term damages along with a lot of small damages which affect the entire environment. Some damages can also last for years. Oil which is spilled by tankers with damaged oil rigs and pipelines ends up in coating everything which is touched by it causing a bad affect on the entire ecosystem. Oil slick which is taken out of the large oil spills and is basically touching the beach along with the coats of oil and the entire sand and rocky area is touched by it as well. There are grasses and plants which will then absorb the oil marshes which are along the coastal area along with forests and wetlands are damaged and it will cause a lot of bad effects on the wildlife and the entire environment. When oil is not floating on the water surface and is basically sinking inside the marine environment the delicate ecosystem which is based underground is badly affected. Many fishes and also smaller organisms which are a very important part of the food chain are contaminated and are badly affected. Oil Spills end up in damaging the marshlands, marine ecosystem along with the entire beach area. There are many efforts and also remedies which end up in taking care of the environment however in spite of that many concerns and cases still exist. Sea mammals have to face a lot of problems and many of them end up in creating problems for the next generations.... oil is spilled near them and it can have deadly results for the birds, their feather are covered with oil which makes flying extremely difficult for them. The insulation process along with the water proofing is also affected badly and it ends up in giving rise to the hypothermia along with overheating. Oil is basically affected by the birds in the race of protecting their feathers which then badly damage the internal organs of the birds and it is also sometimes fatal for the birds (Effects of Oil Spills, 2012). Oil Spills are not only causing dreadful affects on the fish, forest, marine life and birds but it is also killing marine mammals badly. Whales, seals, sea otters and dolphins are few mammals which are badly affected. Holes of these animals are sometimes blown which ends up in making the breathing process extremely difficult for them along with badly damaging the communication process of these mammals. Hypothermia is caused to these mammals if their feather are fully covered a nd coated by the oil spill. Food supply of these mammals is badly affected and due to this oil spill the mammals can die and they also face extremely bad affects. The effects are not just for that particular time but they last for a longer time which causes death of many sea mammals later on as well (National Public Radio : News & Analysis, 2011) The growth rate of these mammals is affected badly along with some other smaller species being damaged badly as well. Eggs of the fish and larvae are exposed to the oil which ends up in increasing the death rate of the fishes which are an important part of the marine life. These fishes and the eggs which are covered with the oil die and even if some survive at that time their death is certain and the damaged fishes and the marine animals cannot be

There are many types of investment vehicles, one of the vehicles that Essay

There are many types of investment vehicles, one of the vehicles that pay some of the highest returns - Essay Example In this part, the paper will discuss the compensation structure used by hedge funds. The discussion will include the rationale for this compensation structure, its mechanics and the agency issues that can be associated with the compensation structure. The hedge fund structure is usually composed of general partners who handle all the trading activity from the fund and limited partners who supply the capital that is invested in the fund. Other members include the portfolio manager, who is usually the owner of the management company. The investors in the portfolio are usually between 100 and 150 certified investors who are willing to let the portfolio manager manage their funds for profit. The administrators of the hedge funds maintain the books and records and process all the transactions in the funds. Since the investors are not involved in the day to day handling of the fund, it is up to the hedge fund managers to complete all the transactions in the fund and charge fees to the inve stors in form of compensation structures. As already stated, the compensation structures used by hedge funds are different from those used by normal mutual funds since they take more fees in a different manner. The managers in the hedge fund use different strategies to create profits from the funds, and the Limited Partners, also known as the investors receive a percentage of the profit. The compensation structure in hedge funds is usually set on two main types of fees; performance fees and management fees. The performance fee in a hedge fund refers to the fee in the investment fund that a manager charges investors as a percentage of the increase in value of the assets in which the funds are invested. The value of the funds investments is periodically calculated and the fund manager gets a performance fee, usually between 20 and 30% of the Net Asset Value, which is the increase in value. The performance fee in hedge funds is similar to that in mutual funds. However, other fees that are in the hedge fund and not in the mutual funds are the management fees. The management fee is usually 1 to 2% of the fixed fee of the assets in the mutual fund, and in addition, an incentive fee of between 10 and 30% of the assets in the fund is also charged. The contentious point about these fees is that the management fee is usually charged regardless of whether the fund has made any profits, which means that the managers will always earn profits even if the fund fails. However, the performance fee can only be charged if the fund makes a pre-specified level of return, which is usually set at a percentage or decided as an index. This level of return is referred to as an hurdle, and the managers strive to increase the level of performance of the hedge fund in order to earn extra fees. Hurdles typically reduce the size of performance fees and increase the reward for better management of the fund, a factor that accounts or its popularity with investors. Another terminology analogou s with the compensation structure of hedge funds is the high water mark, a term used to refer to the performance of the fund. The highest value of a hedge fund in a year is called the high water mark, and if the fund’s value falls in the subsequent year, the managers are not paid performance fees. This means that in subsequent years, if the funds increase in NAV but does not exceed the high water mark, no performance is also charged on the investors since they do not make any additional

Child Brides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

Child Brides - Essay Example Martinez hails from a Native American Indian tribe from the Oaxaca valley in Mexico known as the Trique. He was approached by his onetime neighbor and fellow Oaxacan Margarito de Jesus Galindo, who requested the hand of his daughter in marriage. Margarito was only 18 and Martinez’s daughter was just 14. Further, the father had apparently followed a Trique tradition by demanding a sizable dowry from the suitor. He asked to be given $16,000 in cash, 160 cases of beer, 100 cases of soda, 50 cases of Gatorade, two cases of wine and six cases of meat. Apparently this was to be paid on installment basis and the couple was allowed to cohabitate for a week without any kind of legal sanction as per the California law. Margarito defected in his payment within a week of the marriage making his father in law furious. To get back his daughter, he enlisted the aid of the state police – but here, he cunningly covered the part about their marriage deal; choosing only to reveal that his daughter had gone missing. The police were quick to find the eloped couple and soon came to know the entire story. As it happens, numerous state and federal laws of California and the United States of America had been broken here. The girl was only 14 years old, which is 4 years less than the legal age for marriage in California. The police further chose to label this as â€Å"human trafficking† and Martinez has been jailed. He has been awaiting trial. Further Galindo was cited for statutory rape and released. This is based on the testimony of the girl who confessed to having consummated their relationship within the week of the marriage. The nature of the incident and the atypical dowry demanded captured headlines all around the world, with a sudden resurgence of interest in the traditions and practices of the Trique Indians. While a large section of the world population condemned the incident as equivalent to trafficking in women, another section, particularly